![]() The scala tympani lies within the outer portion of the cochlea. In cross-section, each aspect of the cochlea has 3 sections: the scala tympani, scala vestibule, and scala media (Figure 2). The cochlea is a fluid-filled (perilymph) structure that spirals 2 ½ turns around a central pillar (modiolus). This conversion occurs within the cochlea of the inner ear. Within the cochlea, mechanical energy converts to electrical energy by auditory receptor cells (hair cells). The 3 middle ear bones amplify this energy and transfer it into the cochlea. Movement of the tympanic membrane initiates vibration of 3 small bones within the middle ear: the malleus, incus, and stapes which transfer the vibration to the inner ear at the oval (vestibular) window (Figure 1A). Contact between the eardrum and environmental pressure waves causes movement of the membrane. Sound waves reach the outer ear and travel down the external acoustic meatus to reach the eardrum (tympanic membrane). Humans typically hear within a frequency range of 20-20,000 Hz. We measure frequency in Hertz (Hz cycles of compression and rarefaction per second). The number of periods of compression and rarefaction within a specified amount of time is the frequency of a specific sound. This causes increases and decreases in pressure (i.e., alternating compression and rarefaction) of air within the environment. Energy waves travel through a medium by moving molecules. For additional information visit Linking to and Using Content from MedlinePlus.Peripheral Auditory System: How sound reaches the brain. Any duplication or distribution of the information contained herein is strictly prohibited without authorization. Links to other sites are provided for information only - they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. A licensed physician should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. This site complies with the HONcode standard for trustworthy health information: verify here. Learn more about A.D.A.M.'s editorial policy editorial process and privacy policy. is among the first to achieve this important distinction for online health information and services. follows rigorous standards of quality and accountability. is accredited by URAC, for Health Content Provider (URAC's accreditation program is an independent audit to verify that A.D.A.M.
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